Written By JatengGayeng on Senin, 05 Maret 2012 | 19.02
Nama Dieng berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta yaitu "di" yang berarti tempat, dan "hyang" yang berarti dewa pencipta. Secara keseluruhan Dieng dapat diartikan sebagai tempat bersemayamnya para dewa. Sementara para penduduk sekitar sering mengartikan bahwa Dieng berasal dari kata "edi" yang berarti cantik dalam bahasa Jawa, dan "aeng" yang berarti aneh. Dengan kata lain Dieng adalah sebuah tempat yang cantik namun memiliki banyak keanehan. Terletak pada ketinggian 2000 meter dpl, masyarakat Dieng patut bersyukur atas melimpahnya kekayaan yang dianugerahkan kepada tanah mereka yang cantik dan eksotik ini. Kompleks Candi Arjuna yang merupakan candi hindu tertua di Pulau Jawa masih berdiri dengan tegaknya di tengah deraan waktu dan cuaca, menjadi bukti warisan kekayaan budaya yang luar biasa. Meskipun beberapa bagian candi mulai aus dimakan usia, namun candi pemujaan Dewa Siwa yang dibangun pada tahun 809 M ini tetap kokoh berdiri memberikan nuansa kedamaian di tengah keheningan alam pegunungan. Cuaca dingin yang cukup ekstrim untuk sebuah wilayah yang terletak di daerah tropis telah memunculkan gaya hidup dan gaya berpakaian yang unik dari para penduduknya. Suhu udara pada siang hari berkisar antara 15-20 derajat celcius sementara pada malam hari berkisar antara 10 derajat celcius. Pada bulan Juli dan Agustus suhu bisa mencapai 0 derajat celcius pada siang hari dan -10 derajat celcius pada malam hari. Udara sejuk dan dingin ini benar-benar dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk untuk memaksimalkan usaha pertanian mereka. Lahan yang berlimpah mereka ubah menjadi ladang untuk menanam aneka sayur dan buah-buahan. Komoditas utama mereka adalah kentang dan kubis. Carica, pepaya Dieng, disulap menjadi makanan lezat yang selalu diburu sebagai oleh-oleh khas Dieng. Purwaceng, salah satu jenis rumput yang tumbuh liar, diolah menjadi minuman khas Dieng yang berkhasiat untuk menambah kejantanan pria. Berbicara tentang kuliner, makanan khas Dieng lainnya yang wajib dicoba adalah tempe kemul yang lezat dan mie ongklok Wonosobo yang telah melegenda. Sesungguhnya Dieng adalah wilayah vulkanik aktif dan dapat dikatakan sebagai gunung api raksasa. Datarannya terbentuk dari kawah gunung berapi yang telah mati. Bentuk kawah ini terlihat jelas dari dataran yang dikelilingi oleh gugusan pegunungan disekitarnya. Namun meskipun gunung api ini telah berabad-abad mati, beberapa kawah vulkanik masih aktif hingga sekarang. Di antaranya adalah Kawah Sikidang, yang selalu berpindah-pindah tempat dan meloncat-loncat seperti "kidang" atau kijang. Keunikan proses terbentuknya menghasilkan bentang alam yang eksotik dan tidak ada duanya. Telaga Warna yang memantulkan warna hijau, biru dan ungu serta pesona keindahan matahari terbit dari puncak Gunung Sikunir adalah tempat-tempat yang tidak boleh dilewatkan begitu saja.
Keteb Pass merupakan objek wisata yang terletak di daerah Magelang. Jaraknya kurang lebih 50 km dari kota Jogja dan bisa ditempuh dalam waktu 1-1,5 jam menggunakan kendaraan bermotor. Jika kita menuju ke Keteb kita akan melewati jalanan yang sedikit berliku dan naik-turun, jadi sebaiknya kondisi kendaraan harus benar-benar fit. Jangan lupa juga untuk membawa jas hujan jika menggunakan motor, karena cuaca disini juga sering berubah-ubah dengan udara yang dingin sekali jika hujan tiba . Sesampainya di Keteb kita akan disuguhi pemandangan yang luar biasa. Jika cuaca sedang bagus dari kejauhan kita bisa melihat beberapa gunung, antara lain Merapi, Merbabu, Sindoro, dan Sumbing. Gunung yang terdekat dan dapat dilihat dengan jelas tentu saja Gunung Merapi. Jika ingin melihat pemandangan Gunung Merapi lebih dekat lagi kita bisa menyewa teropong yang banyak disewakan di area Keteb Pass ini.
Sesampainya di Keteb kita akan disuguhi pemandangan yang luar biasa. Jika cuaca sedang bagus dari kejauhan kita bisa melihat beberapa gunung, antara lain Merapi, Merbabu, Sindoro, dan Sumbing. Gunung yang terdekat dan dapat dilihat dengan jelas tentu saja Gunung Merapi. Jika ingin melihat pemandangan Gunung Merapi lebih dekat lagi kita bisa menyewa teropong yang banyak disewakan di area Keteb Pass ini.
Tidak hanya pemandangan yang menakjubkan saja yang bisa kita nikmati, disini juga terdapat Museum Gunung Merapi. Di museum kita bisa melihat foto-foto ledakan Gunung Merapi dan sejarah tentang Merapi di masa lalu. Selain museum, di Keteb Pass juga terdapat Keteb Volcano Theater yang memutar film dokumenter tentang meletusnya Gunung Merapi. Durasi filmnya tidak terlalu lama, hanya sekitar 20 menit saja.
Jika sudah lelah kita bisa berisitirahat di tempat-tempat yang banyak disediakan. Sambil bersantai dan menikmati pemandangan, kita dapat memesan jagung bakar ataupun minuman hangat yang banyak disediakan oleh warung-warung yang ada di dalam lokasi wisata.
It is popular for American tourists. The place is more secluded and have private beaches. It is also popular for tourists from Europe.
2. Ubud High up in the mountain. Famous for being filmned in Julia Robert movie. Eat , Pray and Love. Great place to visit ief enjoy mountain views, traditional villages and fresh nature.
3. Jimbaran Another favourite tourists destination. It is a great place to dine in (Seafood) and listen to latin songs. A recommended hotel is Richtz Carton, popular among Japanese tourists
4. Kuta It is the most favourite place to visit for holiday for Australians. Great beaches with plenty of bars/clubs to enjoy your holiday.
Borobudur, is a 9th century Mahayana Buddhist monument near Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa.
The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist cosmology, namely Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness). During the journey, the monument guides the pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the walls and the balustrades.
Evidence suggests Borobudur was abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction.
Construction.There is no written record of who built Borobudur or of its intended purpose. The construction time has been estimated by comparison between carved reliefs on the temple's hidden foot and the inscriptions commonly used in royal charters during the 8th and 9th centuries. Borobudur was likely founded around 800 CE. This corresponds to the period between 760 and 830 CE, the peak of the Sailendra dynasty in central Java, when it was under the influence of the Srivijayan Empire. The construction has been estimated to have taken 75 years and been completed during the reign of Samaratungga in 825.There is confusion between Hindu and Buddhist rulers in Java around that time. The Sailendras were known as ardent followers of Buddhism, though stone inscriptions found at Sojomerto suggest they may have been Hindus.It was during this time that many Hindu and Buddhist monuments were built on the plains and mountains around the Kedu Plain. The Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same time as the Hindu Shiva Prambanan temple compound. In 732 CE, the Shivaite King Sanjaya commissioned a Shivalingasanctuary to be built on the Wukir hill, only 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Borobudur.Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible because Sanjaya's immediate successor, Rakai Panangkaran, granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build such temples. In fact, to show his respect, Panangkaran gave the village of Kalasan to the Buddhist community, as is written in the Kalasan Charter dated 778 CE. This has led some archaeologists to believe that there was never serious conflict concerning religion in Java as it was possible for a Hindu king to patronize the establishment of a Buddhist monument; or for a Buddhist king to act likewise. However, it is likely that there were two rival royal dynasties in Java at the time—the Buddhist Sailendra and the Saivite Sanjaya—in which the latter triumphed over their rival in the 856 battle on the Ratubaka plateau. This confusion also exists regarding the Lara Jonggrang temple at the Prambanan complex, which was believed that it was erected by the victor Rakai Pikatan as the Sanjaya dynasty's reply to Borobudur, but others suggest that there was a climate of peaceful coexistence where Sailendra involvement exists in Lara Jonggrang.Location.Approximately 40 kilometres (25 mil) northwest of Yogyakarta, Borobudur is located in an elevated area between two twin volcanoes, Sundoro-Sumbing and Merbabu-Merapi, and two rivers, the Progo and the Elo. According to local myth, the area known as Kedu Plain is a Javanese 'sacred' place and has been dubbed 'the garden of Java' due to its high agricultural fertility. During the restoration in the early 20th century, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, are positioned along a straight line. The ritual relationship between the three temples must have existed, although exact ritual process is yet unknown.
Komodo is one of the 17,508 islands that make up the Republic of Indonesia. The island has a surface area of 390 km² and over 2000 inhabitants. The inhabitants of the island are descendants of former convicts who were exiled to the island and who have mixed themselves with the Bugis from Sulawesi. The population are primarily adherents of Islam but there are also Christian and Hindu minorities.
Komodo is part of the Lesser Sunda chain of islands and forms part of the Komodo National Park. Particularly notable here is the native Komodo dragon. In addition, the island is a popular destination for diving. Administratively, it is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province.
History
The earliest stories of a dragon existing in the region circulated widely and attracted considerable attention. But no one visited the island to check the story until official interest was sparked in the early 1910s by stories from Dutch sailors based in Flores about a mysterious creature. The creature was allegedly a "dragon" which inhabited a small island in the Lesser Sunda Islands (the main island of which is Flores in East Nusa Tenggara).
The Dutch sailors reported that the creature measured up to seven meters in length with a large body and mouth which constantly spat fire. Hearing the reports, Lieutenant Steyn van Hensbroek, an official of the Dutch Colonial Administration in Flores, planned a trip to Komodo Island. He armed himself, and accompanied by a team of soldiers he landed on the island. After a few days, Hensbroek managed to kill one of the strange animals.
Van Hensbroek took the animal to headquarters where measurements were taken. It was approximately 2.1 meters long, with a shape very similar to that of a lizard. More samples were then photographed by Peter A. Ouwens, the Director of the Zoological Museum and Botanical Gardens in Bogor, Java. The records that Ouwens made are the first reliable documentation of details about what is now called the Komodo dragon or Komodo monitor.
Ouwens was keen to obtain additional samples. He recruited hunters who killed two dragons measuring 3.1 meters and 3.35 meters as well as capturing two pups, each measuring less than one meter. Ouwens carried out studies on the samples and concluded that the komodo dragon was not a flamethrower but was a type of monitor lizard monitor lizard. Research results were published in 1912. Ouwens named the giant lizard Varanus komodoensis, more commonly known as a Komodo Dragon. Realizing the significance of the dragons on Komodo Island as an endangered species, the Dutch government issued a regulation on the protection of Komodos on Komodo Island in 1915.
The komodo dragon became something of a living legend In the decades since the Komodo was discovered, various scientific expeditions from a range of countries have carried out field research on the dragons on Komodo Island.
Komodo has been included into the controversial New7Wonders of Nature list since November 11, 2011.
Mount Merapi, Gunung Merapi (literally Fire Mountain in Indonesian/Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of Yogyakarta city, and thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level.
The name Merapi could be loosely translated as 'Mountain of Fire'. The etymology of the name came from Meru-Api; from theJavanese combined words; Meru means "mountain" refer to mythical mountain of Gods in Hinduism, and api means "fire". Smoke can be seen emerging from the mountaintop at least 300 days a year, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. Hot gas from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November in 1994, mostly in the town of Muntilan, west of the volcano. Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the Yogyakarta earthquake. In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it has been designated as one of the Decade Volcanoes.
On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a 20 km (12 mi) zone were told to evacuate. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity. On the afternoon of 25 October 2010 Mount Merapi erupted lava from its southern and southeastern slopes.
The mountain was still erupting on 30 November 2010 however due to lowered eruptive activity on 3 December 2010 the official alert status was reduced to level 3. The volcano is now 2930 metres high, 38 metres lower than before the 2010 eruptions.
Creation.
Although most nearby villages have their own myths about the creation of Mount Merapi, they have numerous commonalities. It is believed that when the gods had just created the Earth, Java was unbalanced because of the placement of Mount Jamurdipo on the west end of the island. In order to assure balance, the gods (generally represented by Batara Guru) ordered the mountain to be moved to the centre of Java. However, two armourers, Empu Rama and Empu Permadi, were already forging a sacred keris at the site where Mount Jamurdipo was to be moved. The gods warned them that they would be moving a mountain there, and that they should leave; Empu Rama and Empu Permadi ignored that warning. In anger, the gods buried Empu Rama and Empu Permadi under Mount Jamurdipo; their spirits later became the rulers of all mystical beings in the area. In memory of them, Mount Jamurdipo was later renamed Mount Merapi, which means "fire of Rama and Permadi.
Spirit Kraton of Merapi.
The Javanese believe that the Earth is not only populated by human beings, but also by spirits (makhluk halus). Villages near Merapi believe that one of the palaces (in Javanese kraton) used by the rulers of the spirit kingdom lies inside Merapi, ruled by Empu Rama and Empu Permadi. This palace is said to be a spiritual counterpart to the Yogyakarta Sultanate, complete with roads, soldiers, princes, vehicles, and domesticated animals. Besides the rulers, the palace is said to also be populated by the spirits of ancestors who died as righteous people. The spirits of these ancestors are said to live in the palace as royal servants (abdi dalem), occasionally visiting their descendants in dreams to give prophecies or warnings.
Spirits of Merapi.
To keep the volcano quiet and to appease the spirits of the mountain, the Javanese regularly bring offerings on the anniversary of the sultan of Yogyakarta's coronation. For Yogyakarta Sultanate, Merapi holds significant cosmological symbolism, because it is forming a sacred north-south axis line between Merapi peak and Southern Ocean (Indian Ocean). The sacred axis is signified by Merapi peak in the north, the Tugu monument near Yogyakarta main train station, the axis runs along Malioboro street to Northern Alun-alun (square) across KeratonYogyakarta (sultan palace), Southern Alun-alun, all the way to Bantul and finally reach Samas and Parangkusumo beach on the estuary of Opak river and Southern Ocean. This sacred axis connected the hyangs or spirits of mountain revered since ancient times—often identified as "Mbah Petruk" by Javanese people—The Sultan of Yogyakarta as the leader of the Javanese kingdom, and Nyi Roro Kidul as the queen of the Southern Ocean, the female ocean deity revered by Javanese people and also mythical consort of Javanese kings.Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern Java. It is situated at a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian Plate is subducting under the Eurasian Plate. It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the volcano is located in the Southeastern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire–a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and South East Asia. Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago, and from then until about 10,000 years ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and the out flowing lava emitted was basaltic. Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous andesitic lavas often generating lava domes. Dome collapse has often generated pyroclastic flows, and larger explosions, which have resulted in eruption columns, have also generated pyroclastic flows through column collapse.
Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10–15 years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930—when thirteen villages were destroyed and 1400 people killed by pyroclastic flows.
A very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with ash. The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram; however, there is insufficient evidence from that era for this to be substantiated.
2006 eruption. Pyroclastic flows (2006) In April 2006, increased seismicity at more regular intervals and a detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely evacuation. On 19 April smoke from the crater reached a height of 400 metres (1,300 ft), compared to 75 metres (246 ft) the previous day. On 23 April, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and infant residents of the slopes were evacuated.
By early May, active lava flows had begun. On 11 May, with lava flow beginning to be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area and on 13 May, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain. Many villagers defied the dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft. Activity calmed by the middle of May.
On 27 May, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck roughly 50 km (31 mil) southwest of Merapi, killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region, heightening fears that Merapi would "blow". The quake did not appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated on 6 June as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper slopes towards Kaliadem, a location that was located southeast of Mt. Merapi. The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for "shaggy goat"). There were two fatalities as the result of the eruption.
2010 eruption.Main article: 2010 eruptions of Mount MerapiDestroyed house in Cangkringan Village after the eruptionsIn late October 2010 the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (Indonesian language—Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.
Observers at Babadan 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west and Kaliurang 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the mountain reported hearing an avalanche on 12 September 2010. On 13 September 2010 white plumes were observed rising 800 metres (2,600 ft) above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of 0.1 millimetres (0.0039 in) to 0.3 millimetres (0.012 in) per day to a rate of 11 millimetres (0.43 in) per day on 16 September. On 19 September 2010 earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4). Lava from Mount Merapi in Central Java began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent eruption.
On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity.
After a period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872 on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside. By this time 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced. Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around the volcano. By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275. The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano’s slopes.
In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November Yogyakarta’s Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang. By 3 December the death toll had risen to 353.
On Friday 3 December 2010 the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. As of 3 December 2010, at 09.00 am, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of "Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) radius
Sterile zone
Followed 2010 eruption, 3 ministry has signed 'Sterile zone' which nobody can permanently stay and no infrastructure allowed in 9 villages (dusun): Palemsari, Pangukrejo, Kaliadem, Jambu, Kopeng, Petung, Kalitengah Lor, Kalitengah Kidul and Srunen, all in Cangkringan district
National park
In 2004 an area of 6,410 hectares around Mount Merapi was established as a national park. The decision of the Ministry of Forestry to declare the park has been subsequently challenged in court by The Indonesian Forum for Environment, on grounds of lack of consultation with local residents. During the 2006 eruption of the volcano it was reported that many residents were reluctant to leave because they feared their residences would be confiscated for expanding the national park.
Museum
Merapi Museum Center, Kaliurang Street Kilometer 25.7, Pakem subdistrict, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Replica of Merapi's Post 2010 Eruption has been done and student's visit to the museum had increased 30 percent since the latest eruption.
Lombok island is located east of Bali and accessible by air, fast boat or public ferry.
The simple pleasure of sunshine, white sandy beaches in quieter settings,unique culture, and eco tours makes Lombok a perfect getaway for honeymooners, families or those who look for a total relaxing holiday.
History.
Little is known about the Lombok before the seventeenth century. Before this time it was made up of numerous competing and feuding petty states each of which were presided over by a Sasak 'prince'. This disunity was taken advantage of by the neighbouring Balinese who took control of western Lombok in the early seventeenth century. The Makassarese meanwhile invaded eastern Lombok from their colonies in neighbouring Sumbawa. The Dutch had first visited Lombok in 1674 and the Dutch East India Company concluded its first treaty with the Sasak Princess of Lombok. The Balinese had managed to take over the whole island by 1750, but Balinese infighting resulted in the island being split into four feuding Balinese kingdoms. In 1838, the Mataram kingdom brought its rivals under control.
Relations between the Sasak and Balinese in western Lombok were largely harmonious and intermarriage was common. In the island's east, however, relations were less cordial and the Balinese maintained control from garrisoned forts. While Sasak village government remained in place, the village head became little more than a tax collector for the Balinese. Villagers became a kind of serf and Sasak aristocracy lost much of its power and land holdings.
During one of the many Sasak peasant rebellions against the Balinese, Sasak chiefs sent envoys to the Dutch in Bali and invited them to rule Lombok. In June 1894, the governor general of the Dutch East Indies, Van der Wijck, signed a treaty with Sasak rebels in eastern Lombok. He sent a large army to Lombok and the Balinese raja capitulated to Dutch demands.(see Dutch intervention in Lombok) The younger princes however overruled the raja and attacked and routed the Dutch. The Dutch counterattacked overrunning Mataram and the raja surrendered. The entire island was annexed to the Netherlands East Indies in 1895. The Dutch ruled over Lombok's 500,000 people with a force of no more than 250 by cultivating the support of the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy. While the period was one of deprivation for the Sasak, they Dutch are remembered as liberators from Balinese hegemony.
During World War II a Japanese invasion force comprising elements of the 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet invaded and occupied the Lesser Sunda Islands, including the island of Lombok. They sailed from Soerabaja harbour at 09:00 hrs on 8 March 1942 and proceeded towards Lombok Island. On 9 May 1942 at 17:00 hrs the fleet sailed into port of Ampenan on Lombok Island. The Dutch defenders were soon defeated and the island occupied.
Following the cessation of hostilities the Japanese forces occupying Indonesia were withdrawn and Lombok returned temporarily to Dutch control. Following the subsequent Indonesian independence from the Dutch, the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy continued to dominate Lombok. In 1958, the island was incorporated into the province of West Nusa Tenggara with Mataram becoming the provincial capital. Mass killings of communists occurred across the island following the abortive coup attempt in Jakarta and Central Java. During President Suharto's New Order administration, Lombok experienced a degree of stability and development but not to the extent of the boom and wealth in Java and Bali. Crop failures led to famine in 1966 and food shortages in 1973. The national government's transmigrasi program moved a lot of people out of Lombok. The 1980s saw external developers and speculators instigate a nascent tourism boom although local's share of earnings was limited. Indonesia's political and economic crises of the late 1990s hit Lombok hard. In January 2000, riots broke out across Mataram with Christians and ethnic Chinese the main victims, with alleged agents provocateur from outside Lombok. Tourism slumped, but in recent years has seen a renewed growth.
Geography.
The Lombok Strait lies to the immediate west of the island and this waterway marks the passage of the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan ecozone and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia that is known as the Wallace Line, for Alfred Russel Wallace, who first remarked upon the distinction between these two major biogeographical regions and how abrupt the boundary was between the two biomes.
To the east of Lombok lies the Alas Strait, a narrow body of water separating the island of Lombok from the nearby island of Sumbawa to the east. The island's topography is dominated by the centrally-located stratovolcano Mount Rinjani, which rises to 3,726 m (12,224 ft), making the second highest volcano in Indonesia and the nation's third-highest mountain. The most recent eruption of Rinjani was in May, 2010 at Gunung Barujari. Ash was reported as rising up to two km into the atmosphere from the Barujari cone in Rinjani's caldera lake of Segara Anak. Lavaflowed into the caldera lake, pushing its temperature up and crops on the slopes of Rinjani were damaged by ash fall. The volcano, and its crater lake, 'Segara Anak' (child of the sea), are protected by the Gunung Rinjani National Park established in 1997.
The highlands of Lombok are forest clad and mostly undeveloped. The lowlands are highly cultivated. Rice, soybeans, coffee, tobacco, cotton, cinnamon, cacao, cloves, cassava, corn,coconuts, copra, bananas and vanilla are the major crops grown in the fertile soils of the island. The southern part of the island is fertile but drier, especially toward the southern coastline.
The water supply in Lombok is stressed and this places strain upon both the water supply of the provincial capital, Mataram, and the island in general. The southern and central areas are reported to be the most critically affected. West Nusa Tenggara province in general is threatened with a water crisis caused by increasing forest and water table damage and degradation. 160 thousand hectares of a total of 1960 thousand hectares are thought to have been affected. The Head of Built Environment and Security Forest Service Forest West Nusa Tenggara Andi Pramari stated in Mataram on Wednesday, May 6, 2009 that, "If this situation is not addressed it can be expected that within five years it may be difficult for people to obtain water in this part of NTB (West Nusa Tenggara). Not only that, the productivity of agriculture in value added will fall, and the residents are experiencing water deficiency in their wells". High cases of timber theft in the region of NTB are contributing to this problem. In September 2010, Central Lombok some villagers were reported to be walking for several hours to fetch a single pail of water. Nieleando, a small coastal village about 50 kilometers from the provincial capital, Mataram, has seen dry wells for years. It has been reported that occasionally the problem escalates sufficiently for disputes and fighting between villagers to occur. The problems have been reported to be most pronounced in the sub-districts of Jonggat, Janapria, Praya Timur, Praya Barat, Praya Barat Daya and Pujut. In 2010 all six sub-districts were declared drought areas by provincial authorities. Sumbawa, the other main island of the province, also experienced severe drought in 10, making it a proce-wide issue. of the province, also experienced severe drought in 10, making it a proce-wide issue.
Nama Dieng berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta yaitu "di" yang berarti tempat, dan "hyang" yang berarti dewa pencipta. Secara keseluruhan Dieng dapat diartikan sebagai tempat bersemayamnya para dewa. Sementara para penduduk sekitar sering mengartikan bahwa Dieng berasal dari kata "edi" yang berarti cantik dalam bahasa Jawa, dan "aeng" yang berarti aneh. Dengan kata lain Dieng adalah sebuah tempat yang cantik namun memiliki banyak keanehan. Terletak pada ketinggian 2000 meter dpl, masyarakat Dieng patut bersyukur atas melimpahnya kekayaan yang dianugerahkan kepada tanah mereka yang cantik dan eksotik ini. Kompleks Candi Arjuna yang merupakan candi hindu tertua di Pulau Jawa masih berdiri dengan tegaknya di tengah deraan waktu dan cuaca, menjadi bukti warisan kekayaan budaya yang luar biasa. Meskipun beberapa bagian candi mulai aus dimakan usia, namun candi pemujaan Dewa Siwa yang dibangun pada tahun 809 M ini tetap kokoh berdiri memberikan nuansa kedamaian di tengah keheningan alam pegunungan. Cuaca dingin yang cukup ekstrim untuk sebuah wilayah yang terletak di daerah tropis telah memunculkan gaya hidup dan gaya berpakaian yang unik dari para penduduknya. Suhu udara pada siang hari berkisar antara 15-20 derajat celcius sementara pada malam hari berkisar antara 10 derajat celcius. Pada bulan Juli dan Agustus suhu bisa mencapai 0 derajat celcius pada siang hari dan -10 derajat celcius pada malam hari. Udara sejuk dan dingin ini benar-benar dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk untuk memaksimalkan usaha pertanian mereka. Lahan yang berlimpah mereka ubah menjadi ladang untuk menanam aneka sayur dan buah-buahan. Komoditas utama mereka adalah kentang dan kubis. Carica, pepaya Dieng, disulap menjadi makanan lezat yang selalu diburu sebagai oleh-oleh khas Dieng. Purwaceng, salah satu jenis rumput yang tumbuh liar, diolah menjadi minuman khas Dieng yang berkhasiat untuk menambah kejantanan pria. Berbicara tentang kuliner, makanan khas Dieng lainnya yang wajib dicoba adalah tempe kemul yang lezat dan mie ongklok Wonosobo yang telah melegenda. Sesungguhnya Dieng adalah wilayah vulkanik aktif dan dapat dikatakan sebagai gunung api raksasa. Datarannya terbentuk dari kawah gunung berapi yang telah mati. Bentuk kawah ini terlihat jelas dari dataran yang dikelilingi oleh gugusan pegunungan disekitarnya. Namun meskipun gunung api ini telah berabad-abad mati, beberapa kawah vulkanik masih aktif hingga sekarang. Di antaranya adalah Kawah Sikidang, yang selalu berpindah-pindah tempat dan meloncat-loncat seperti "kidang" atau kijang. Keunikan proses terbentuknya menghasilkan bentang alam yang eksotik dan tidak ada duanya. Telaga Warna yang memantulkan warna hijau, biru dan ungu serta pesona keindahan matahari terbit dari puncak Gunung Sikunir adalah tempat-tempat yang tidak boleh dilewatkan begitu saja.
